Si la tendencia actual continúa, para el año 2030 la temperatura global podría elevarse 1.5 °C por encima de los niveles anteriores a la revolución industrial; pero tenemos un poderoso aliado contra la crisis climática: los árboles. Un nuevo análisis sostiene que plantar cerca de mil millones de hectáreas de bosque podría eliminar dos tercios de las aproximadamente 300 gigatoneladas de carbono que los humanos hemos emitido a la atmósfera desde el siglo XIX.
El último informe del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático de las Naciones Unidas recomendó aumentar la masa forestal global en 1.000 millones de hectáreas de bosques para ayudar a limitar el calentamiento global a 1.5 °C para 2050. Los ecologistas Jean-Francois Bastin y Tom Crowther del Instituto Federal de Tecnología de Suiza en Zurich y su equipo de colaboradores se propusieron averiguar si esta propuesta de la ONU es factible, si la Tierra podría albergar tantos árboles y en qué lugares podrían plantarse.
Analizaron cerca de 80.000 fotografías satelitales para estudiar la cobertura forestal actual. El equipo clasificó las distintas zonas de nuestro planeta en función de 10 características del suelo y del clima, identificando áreas adecuadas para cada tipo de bosques. Tras eliminar de la zona de estudio los bosques ya existentes, las zonas agrícolas y as ciudades, calcularon la proporción de nuestro planeta adecuada para la reforestación.
Según su estudio, publicado en la revista Science el pasado 5 de Julio, los autores sostienen que la Tierra podría soportar, de forma natural, 900.000 millones de hectáreas de bosque adicional, un área del tamaño de los Estados Unidos, sin afectar las tierras urbanas o agrícolas existentes. Esos árboles agregados podrían secuestrar 205 gigatoneladas de carbono en las próximas décadas, aproximadamente cinco veces la cantidad emitida globalmente en 2018.
“Este trabajo demuestra la magnitud de lo que los bosques pueden hacer por nosotros”, dice el ecologista Greg Asner, de la Universidad Estatal de Arizona en Tempe, quien no participó en la investigación. “Necesitan desempeñar un papel si la humanidad va a lograr nuestros objetivos de mitigación del cambio climático”.
Aumentar la masa forestal no solo secuestraría carbono. Los bosques proporcionan una gran cantidad de beneficios adicionales que incluyen una mayor biodiversidad, una mejor calidad del agua y una reducción de la erosión. Las estimaciones de cuánto costaría la restauración de bosques en esta escala se estima en aproximadamente 300.000 millones de dólares.
Fuente: sciencemag.org
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